Prospects and limitations of wakefield acceleration in solids

Advances in the generation of relativistic intensity pulses with wavelengths in the X-ray regime, through high harmonic generation from near-critical plasmas, opens up the possibility of X-ray driven wakefield acceleration. The similarity scaling laws for laser plasma interaction suggest that X-rays can drive wakefields in solid materials providing TeV/cm gradients, resulting in electron and photon beams of extremely short duration. However, the wavelength reduction enhances the quantum parameter $\chi$, hence opening the question of the role of non-scalable physics, e.g., the effects of radiation reaction. Using three dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations incorporating QED effects, we show that for the wavelength $\lambda=5\,$nm and relativistic amplitudes $a_0=10$-100, similarity scaling holds to a high degree, combined with $\chi\sim 1$ operation already at moderate $a_0\sim 50$, leading to photon emissions with energies comparable to the electron energies. Contrasting to the generation of photons with high energies, the reduced frequency of photon emission at X-ray wavelengths (compared to at optical wavelengths) leads to a reduction of the amount of energy that is removed from the electron population through radiation reaction. Furthermore, as the emission frequency approaches the laser frequency, the importance of radiation reaction trapping as a depletion mechanism is reduced, compared to at optical wavelengths for $a_0$ leading to similar $\chi$.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

Spatial Patterns Associating Low Birth Weight with Environmental and Behavioral Factors

Low birth weight (LBW) is a significant public health problem in the world. It was estimated globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) that prevalence of LBW was 15% of all births. In Murung Raya district LBW cases remain high. This paper aimed to identify and discuss the relationship between environmental risk factors with LBW in Murung Raya.A spatial analysis was conducted with 150 women as the total participantswho were recruited through the incidence data in 2013-2014. The questionnaires, medical records, and geographic data were measured by Stata software, ArcGis, SatScan, and Geoda. The study results indicated there was significant correlation between health behavior and environmental variables with the strength of external neighborhood effect across LBW risk factors. More intense clustering of high values (hot spots) was found through the spatial analysis showing that most of the cases were located near the defined buffer zone. This research demonstrates that the spatial pattern analysis provided greater statistical power to detect an effect that was not apparent in the previous epidemiology studies

Right-of-Way Acquisition and Property Condemnation: A Comparison of U.S. State Laws

Recommendations for improvements in U.S. right-of-way (ROW) acquisition processes should consider the environmental, social, political, and economic characteristics of individual states. These characteristics are reflected in state statutes and constitutions, which place restrictions on ROW staff in applying recommended strategies. This work compares state condemnation statutes, noting their weaknesses and strengths. It recommends modifications to current laws to expedite the acquisition process, minimize cost, and build property owners' trust in government. It also examines how various factors are statistically significant in predicting state condemnation rates

Farmers' Practices in Developing Agricultural Land in Malaysia: is There an Islamic Microfinance Solution?

Objective – This paper attempts to highlight the farmers' lives in Malaysia and their problems in developing idle agricultural land.Methods - This paper is using descriptive and exploratory method of study which refer to the situation of agricultural sector in Malaysia.Results - The scheme aPLS (agricultural production and loss sharing) that proposed cannot stand alone in the traditional fiqh to be implemented now. Therefore, the combinations of aPLS contract with ujrah principle are really needed. This is important to ensure the flexibility of the contract that can offer a fully comprehensive scheme of Islamic agricultural finance.Conclusion – The land together with labour can be considered as a form of capital and therefore has a similarity to the contracts of mudaraba and musharaka. Hence, it can be said that these principles are “agricultural production and loss sharing (aPLS)” because land will naturally produce an output or a product. Muzara'a and musaqa therefore can be said to be contracts which are based on sharing output rather than sharing profit

Aspek Kualitas Penelitian Interdisipliner

Kata kunci: Penelitia

Hubungan Pola Perdarahan Uterus dengan Kadar Estradiol pada Akseptor Kontrasepsi Injeksi DMPA

Background: Bleeding disturbances are the main complaint that cause most DMPA users discontinuing contraceptive use. Mechanism underlying the bleeding disturbances is not clear. It is presumed that the condition is related to fluctuation of estradiol level or to low persistent estradiol level Objective: 1. To evaluate an association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level of DMPA users after 3, 6, 9, 12 months use. 2. To evaluate an association between estradiol level and length of use. 3. To evaluate an association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level, body mass index (BMI), age, parity, total cholesterol level of DMPA users.Design: Observational study, secondary analysis nested on “Randomized Controlled Trial Planibu® and Depo Progestin®”Material and Method: Seventy DMPA users received injection every 3 months for 12 months. Before injection was administered, venous blood was taken and examination of estradiol level was done using Enzyme Imuno Absorbent Assay (ELISA). In addition, in-depth interview was also done on bleeding pattern for the last reference period (90 days). Subject was classified according to their bleeding pattern into groups of amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, spotting, and bleeding,Results: All research subjects indicated low estradiol concentration with an average concentration less than 150 pg/ml. There was a correlation between length of USAge and estradiol level; estradiol level after 12 months of USAge was less than 100 pg/ml. There was no different between bleeding pattern and estradiol in month 3, 6, 9,12 using bivariate analysis with t-test with amenorrhea group as reference and p > 0,05. T-test and Chi Square analyses using amenorrhea group as reference stated that there was no association between bleeding pattern and age, BMI, and parity. Using multivariate analysis with Multinomial Logistic Regression, it was stated that correlation between estradiol concentration and bleeding pattern was not affected by age, body mass index, or total cholesterol level. There was an association between bleeding pattern and cholesterol level using bivariate and multivariate analyses.Conclusion: 1. Estradiol level in various bleeding pattern after 3,6,9,12 month of USAge was not different. 2. There was correlation between low estradiol level and length of USAge. 3. Association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level was not influenced by age, parity and body mass index, and total cholesterol level

Simulation analysis of ultrasonic testing in steel-based butt weld joint

Within this study, a simulation analysis based on Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is made using Comsol Multiphysics. Comsol Multiphysics is a software that can simplify many aspects of building UT method and also can be used to obtain a fast understanding of the results of altering the fundamental parameters. The software program has useful features which can help in technique development especially for UT inspectors in Non- destructive Testing (NDT) field. The focus of this study is to conduct a simulation analysis of internal weld defects by developing the model of defects in a weld structure sample configured using the software. The model is developed based on actual parameters and characterization of weld structure sample and internal weld defects. The results of analysis show that each type of defects which are incomplete penetration, slag inclusion and lack of fusion have different signal pattern and signal amplitude which are depended on the characterizations of those defects themselves

Hubungan Pola Perdarahan Uterus dengan Kadar Estradiol pada Akseptor Kontrasepsi Injeksi DMPA

Background: Bleeding disturbances are the main complaint that cause most DMPA users discontinuing contraceptive use. Mechanism underlying the bleeding disturbances is not clear. It is presumed that the condition is related to fluctuation of estradiol level or to low persistent estradiol level Objective: 1. To evaluate an association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level of DMPA users after 3, 6, 9, 12 months use. 2. To evaluate an association between estradiol level and length of use. 3. To evaluate an association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level, body mass index (BMI), age, parity, total cholesterol level of DMPA users.Design: Observational study, secondary analysis nested on “Randomized Controlled Trial Planibu® and Depo Progestin®”Material and Method:  Seventy DMPA users received injection every 3 months for 12 months. Before injection was administered, venous blood was taken and examination of estradiol level was done using Enzyme Imuno Absorbent Assay (ELISA). In addition, in-depth interview was also done on bleeding pattern for the last reference period (90 days). Subject was classified according to their bleeding pattern into groups of amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, spotting, and bleeding,Results: All research subjects indicated low estradiol concentration with an average concentration less than 150 pg/ml. There was a correlation between length of usage and estradiol level; estradiol level after 12 months of usage was less than 100 pg/ml. There was no different between bleeding pattern and estradiol in month 3, 6, 9,12  using bivariate analysis with t-test with amenorrhea group as reference and p > 0,05. T-test and Chi Square analyses using amenorrhea group as reference stated that there was no association between bleeding pattern and age, BMI, and parity. Using multivariate analysis with Multinomial Logistic Regression, it was stated that correlation between estradiol concentration and bleeding  pattern was not affected by age, body mass index, or total cholesterol level. There was an association between bleeding pattern and cholesterol level using bivariate and multivariate analyses.Conclusion:  1. Estradiol level in various bleeding pattern after 3,6,9,12 month of usage was not different. 2. There was correlation between low estradiol level and length of usage. 3. Association between bleeding pattern and estradiol level was not influenced by age, parity and body mass index, and total cholesterol level.Keywords: bleeding pattern, estradiol, DMPA, injectable contraceptio